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Simple Summary Current options for the curative treatment of the non-metastatic oropharyngeal carcinoma associated with human papillomavirus include minimally-invasive surgery or radiotherapy, which is combined with chemotherapy in many clinical situations. The aim of this review is to summarize the current treatment recommendations in the local therapy of human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer, with respect to the latest published evidence in the field. Future perspectives and next-generation research pathways, including treatment deintensification methods, are thoroughly discussed. Over the last two decades, human papillomavirus (HPV) has caused a new pandemic of cancer in many urban areas across the world. The new entity, HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), has been at the center of scientific attention ever since, not only due to its distinct biological behavior, but also because of its significantly better prognosis than observed in its HPV-negative counterpart. The very good treatment outcomes of the disease after primary therapy (minimally-invasive surgery, radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy) resulted in the creation of a separate staging system, reflecting this excellent prognosis. A substantial proportion of newly diagnosed HPV-driven OPSCC is diagnosed in stage I or II, where long-term survival is observed worldwide. Deintensification of the primary therapeutic methods, aiming at a reduction of long-term toxicity in survivors, has emerged, and the quality of life of the patient after treatment has become a key-point in many clinical trials. Current treatment recommendations for the treatment of HPV-driven OPSCC do not differ significantly from HPV-negative OPSCC; however, the results of randomized trials are eagerly awaited and deemed necessary, in order to include deintensification into standard clinical practice.