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@article{46550,
   author = {Gunthardt, Barbara F. and Hollender, Juliane and Scheringer, Martin and Hungerbuhler, Konrad and Nanusha, Mulatu Y. and Brack, Werner and Bucheli, Thomas D.},
   article_location = {Amsterdam},
   article_number = {December 2021},
   doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149128},
   keywords = {Phytotoxins; poisonous plants; Surface water contamination; High resolution mass spectrometry screening; Persistence; mobility; toxicity characterization},
   language = {eng},
   issn = {0048-9697},
   journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
   title = {Aquatic occurrence of phytotoxins in small streams triggered by biogeography, vegetation growth stage, and precipitation},
   url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721042017?via%3Dihub},
   volume = {798},
   year = {2021}
}

TY  - JOUR
ID  - 46550
AU  - Gunthardt, Barbara F. - Hollender, Juliane - Scheringer, Martin - Hungerbuhler, Konrad - Nanusha, Mulatu Y. - Brack, Werner - Bucheli, Thomas D.
PY  - 2021
TI  - Aquatic occurrence of phytotoxins in small streams triggered by biogeography, vegetation growth stage, and precipitation
JF  - Science of the Total Environment
VL  - 798
IS  - December 2021
SP  - 1-11
EP  - 1-11
PB  - Elsevier Science
SN  - 0048-9697
KW  - Phytotoxins
KW  - poisonous plants
KW  - Surface water contamination
KW  - High resolution mass spectrometry screening
KW  - Persistence
KW  - mobility
KW  - toxicity characterization
UR  - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721042017?via%3Dihub
N2  - Toxic plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), so-called phytotoxins, occur widely in plant species. Many of these phytotoxins have similar mobility, persistence, and toxicity properties in the environment as anthropogenic micropollutants, which increasingly contaminate surface waters. Although recent case studies have shown the aquatic relevance of phytotoxins, the overall exposure remains unknown. Therefore, we performed a detailed occurrence analysis covering 134 phytotoxins from 27 PSM classes. Water samples from seven small Swiss streams with catchment areas from 1.7 to 23 km(2) and varying land uses were gathered over several months to investigate seasonal impacts. They were complemented with samples from different biogeographical regions to cover variations in vegetation. A broad SPE-LC-HRMS/MS method was applied with limits of detection below 5 ng/L for over 80% of the 134 included phytotoxins. In total, we confirmed 39 phytotoxins belonging to 13 PSM classes, which corresponds to almost 30% of all included phytotoxins. Several alkaloids were regularly detected in the low ng/L-range, with average detection frequencies of 21%. This is consistent with the previously estimated persistence and mobility properties that indicated a high contamination potential. Coumarins were previously predicted to be unstable, however, detection frequencies were around 89%, and maximal concentrations up to 90 ng/L were measured for fraxetin produced by various trees. Overall, rainy weather conditions at full vegetation led to the highest total phytotoxin concentrations, which might potentially be most critical for aquatic organisms.
ER  - 

GUNTHARDT, Barbara F., Juliane HOLLENDER, Martin SCHERINGER, Konrad HUNGERBUHLER, Mulatu Y. NANUSHA, Werner BRACK a Thomas D. BUCHELI. Aquatic occurrence of phytotoxins in small streams triggered by biogeography, vegetation growth stage, and precipitation. \textit{Science of the Total Environment}. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, roč.~798, December 2021, s.~1-11. ISSN~0048-9697. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149128. 2021.