EVROPSKÁ UNIE Evropské strukturální a investiční fondy Operační program Výzkum, vývoj a vzdělávání MINISTERSTVO ŠKOLSTVÍ, MLADE2E A TĚLOVÝCHOVY Název projektu Rozvoj vzdělávání na Slezské univerzitě v Opavě Registrační číslo projektu CZ.02.2.69/0.0./0.0/16_015/0002400 Anglická lexikológie Distanční studijní text Mgr. Marie Machničová Opava 2019 SLEZSKA UNIVERZITA F1L0ZOFICKO-PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA V OPAVĚ 2 Obor: 0231 - Osvojování si jazyka, 0232 Literatura a lingvistika Klíčová slova: Lexikologie, lexikografie, slovotvorba, variety současné angličtiny, významové vazby. Anotace: Cílem tohoto předmětu je představit studentům základní principy an- glické lexikológie, které jsou relevantní pro výuku angličtiny jako cizího jazyka. Výklad v hodinách se bude soustředit na funkční, sociální a regionální rozvrstvení anglického lexika. Kurz představí slovo z hlediska všech lexikologických disciplín (etymologie, Onomasiologie, Semasiologie, frazeológie a lexikografie). Pozornost bude dále věnována významovým vztahům ve slovní zásobě (sémantika) a problematice organizace lexika (sémantická pole, synonymie, antonymie, atd.). V seminářích si studenti procvičí teoretické poznatky z přednášek a na základě handoutů, cvičení a práce s textem budou rozvíjet základní techniky lexikální analýzy textu. Tento studijní text je rozdělen do čtyř hlavních kapitol z nich každá obsahuje teoretické poznatky z oblasti anglické lexikológie a uvádí různou škálu cvičení a odkazů na další literaturu, která se lexikológií zabývá. Součástí studijní opory je také e-learningový kurz na LMS Moodle, který nabízí čtyři tutoriály, další cvičení na prohloubení znalostí a kontrolní úkol se zpětnou vazbou studentům. Autor: Mgr. Marie Machnicovä Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie Obsah ÚVODEM............................................................................................................................6 RYCHLÝ NÁHLED STUDIJNÍ OPORY...........................................................................7 1 LEXICOLOGY, SEMANTICS, ENGLISH DICTIONARIES, LEXICAL UNIT.....9 1.1 Lexicology and vocabulary...................................................................................9 1.2 Lexemes and sememes........................................................................................10 1.3 Lexicography and English dictionaries...............................................................13 2 ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDSTOCK...................................................................17 2.1 Native words and loanwords...............................................................................17 2.2 Origin of English word stock..............................................................................19 2.3 Exercises..............................................................................................................21 3 WORD FORMATION...............................................................................................23 4 SENSE RELATIONS................................................................................................24 5 REVISION.................................................................................................................25 LITERATURA..................................................................................................................27 SHRNUTÍ STUDIJNÍ OPORY.........................................................................................28 PŘEHLED DOSTUPNÝCH IKON...................................................................................29 5 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie ÚVODEM Tato studijní opora se skládá z distančního textu a LMS kurzu a je nedílnou součástí kurzu Anglická lexikológie. Je určena studentům, kteří si chtějí upevnit a rozšířit znalosti základních principů anglické lexikológie. Obsahuje dostatečný teoretický základ k tomu, aby byl student schopen pochopit systém a rozvrstvení anglického lexika současné angličtiny. Tento studijní text je hlavně praktickým průvodcem, poskytuje studentům dostatečné množství cvičení a odkazů na literaturu, tutoriály a online cvičení, týkající se slovotvorby a významových vztahů. Celý kurz Anglická lexikológie vyžaduje předchozí znalost anglického jazyka na úrovni B 2 Evropského referenčního rámce pro jazyky. Student může tuto studijní oporu využít jako hlavní studijní text, který se úzce spjat s LMS kur-zem na e-learningové platformě Moodle. Tam student najde prezentace, odkazy na prověřená online cvičení, pracovní listy či audio nahrávky a poslechová cvičení. Každá kapitola využívá velkého množství distančních prvků, jako např. rychlý náhled, cíle, klíčová slova a dále pak je rozdělena do několika podkapitol v závislosti na látce a učivu, které je v dané kapitole obsaženo. Pro procvičování probrané látky jsou využívány samostatné úkoly, řešené úlohy, odkazy na online cvičení v LMS kurzu, atd. Každá kapitola má krátké shrnutí, které uvádí ty nej důležitější body k zapamatování. Autorka této studijní opory vycházela ze dvou základních publikací, pro definice, poučky, klasifikace, tabulky a obrázky využila skriptum A Guide to English Lexicon autora Pavla Koláře, které se řadí mezi základní literaturu tohoto předmětu a dále pak knihu Pavla Kvetka English Lexicology in Theory and Pracúce. 6 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie RYCHLÝ NÁHLED STUDIJNÍ OPORY Cílem tohoto předmětu je představit studentům základní principy anglické lexikológie, které jsou relevantní pro výuku angličtiny jako cizího jazyka. Výklad v hodinách se bude soustředit na funkční, sociální a regionální rozvrstvení anglického lexika. Kurz představí slovo z hlediska všech lexikologických disciplín (etymologie, onomasiologie, sémasiolo-gie, frazeológie a lexikografie). Pozornost bude dále věnována významovým vztahům ve slovní zásobě (sémantika) a problematice organizace lexika (sémantická pole, synonymie, antonymie, atd.). V seminářích si studenti procvičí teoretické poznatky z přednášek a na základě handoutů, cvičení a práce s textem budou rozvíjet základní techniky lexikální analýzy textu. Sylabus předmětu: 1. Lexikológie a lexikografie, základní sémantické a lexikologické kategorie 2. Slovníky a jejich klasifikace, slovníkové heslo. Základní, profesionální, specializované, atd. slovníky 3. Vývoj anglické slovní zásoby 4. Slovotvorba obecně 5. Skládání - odvozování, zdvojování, konverze, zpětné tvoření, neologismy 6. Odvozování pomocí prefixů - tvoření nových pojmenování 7. Odvozování pomocí sufixů - substantívni, adjektivní a slovesné přípony 8. Konverze - přechod v slovesa, adjektiva a substantiva 9. Akronyma, zkratky, „clipping", „blends" 10. Komplexní - víceslovné jednotky - kolokace, přísloví, idiomy, frázová slovesa, frazeologické jednotky, průpovídky 11. Významové vztahy - synonyma, antonyma, polysémie, homonymie, hyperonyma a hyponyma, paronyma - „falše friends", přenos významu - metafora, metonymie, synekdocha 12. Variety současné angličtiny ve slovní zásobě 13. Slang, žargon, argot, tabuizovaná slova a nadávky, archaismy Povinná literatura: Kolář, P. (2006). A Guide to English Lexicon. Opava: Slezská Univerzita v Opavě. Doporučená literatura: Kretzschmar, W. A. (2018). The Emergence and Development of English Language. Cambridge: CUP. Minkova, D. and Stockwell, R. (2009). English Words: History and Structure. 2nd Ed. Cambridge: CUP. 7 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie Jackson, H. and Zé Amvela, E. (2007). Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. 2nd ed. New York: Continuum. Kvetko, P. (2007). Essentials of Modern English Lexicology. Bratislava: Retaas. Peprník, J. (2001). English Lexicology. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého. Internet sources: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmerAVords04/index.html 8 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie 1 LEXICOLOGY, SEMANTICS, ENGLISH DICTIONARIES, LEXICAL UNIT QUICK OVERVIEW This unit brings an introduction of the world of English lexicology, the importance of English vocabulary for learners of English and also practical tasks connected to using English dictionaries when studying English as a second language. AIMS In this unit, students will learn read about lexicology, distinguish the differences between several lexicological branches, compare denotative and connotative meaning of words and complete a componential analysis. In the LMS Moodle task in Tutorial 1, students will list at least two words found in two different dictionaries, analyse them according to all the features of a dictionary entry and discuss the above mentioned with other students. KEYWORDS Lexicology, lexicography, semantics, semantic field, lexeme, sememes, dictionary 1.1 Lexicology and vocabulary The main task of any language is to serve people and allow them to communicate in all ways. We distinguish verbal and non-verbal communication, body language, gestures, etc. but when we say lexicon, lexical unit, lexical field or semantics we have to look at the subject a bit closer. Lexicology is the overall study of the properties of a language, usage and origin of words and the relations and behaviour of words in the vocabulary of a language. It usually includes the study of naming extralingual reality, study of proper names, study of meaning, history of words, word-formation and the study of multi-word expressions. Lexicology deals with both formal and semantic aspects of words. The lexicon -the vocabulary of a language means all the lexical items - words and multi-word expressions - that are used in a particular language. Lexicology deals with naming, formation, development, usage, lexical phrases and meaning (Kvetko, 2009, 13). The Cam- 9 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie bridge dictionary summarises the definition by stating that lexicology is the study of words and their meaning and use. DEFINITION Kolář (2006) classifies lexicology as any other linguistic field into several branches: • General lexicology (dealing with general problems of the field irrespective of a particular language) • Special lexicology (dealing with the lexical aspects of a language) • Historical lexicology (dealing with the evolution of vocabulary) • Synchronic lexicology (dealing with the structure of vocabulary • Contrastive • Confrontational, etc. Each above mentioned lexicological category analyses different problems and might also study these problems from different perspectives or a certain point of view. See some of the phenomena which are accounted for in the area of lexical semantics below: • A word can have more than one meaning, e.g. head-part of the body, a leader • Different words can have similar or sometimes even the same meaning, e.g. fat-thick • Some pairs of words have opposite meaning, e.g. pretty-ugly • The meaning of some words is found in the meanings of others, e.g. plant (tree -birch), plant (flower, rose) • A group of words may have one meaning, e.g. make up ones mind (decide), give up • The meaning of words can be analyzed into components: mare (animal, horse, female), father (human being, male, adult) (Kvetko, 2009, 14). The size of the lexicon differs according to many aspects such as education and professional position. We also talk about active and passive lexicon as we use a number of words actively but we also have the knowledge of other words but we do not use them on an everyday basis, this is called passive lexicon. 1.2 Lexemes and sememes Kolář (2006) structures definitions and terms connected to lexicology into a chapter on basic lexicological notions: lexeme is the bearer of meaning, the basic unit of vocabulary - a lexical item. It covers more than just a single word but all the things we imagine when someone says that word - we call this a semantic representation. E.g. the word nut 10 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie might be food, used in engineering or describing someone acting foolishly, silly or enthusiastically, it might also mean head. Sememes is the meaning of the lexeme (a set of semantic elements), it can consist of various elements such as emotional, denotative, referential, cognitive, aesthetic, etc. Denotative meaning is in other words the referential or cognitive meaning (e.g. dog = canine quadruped), on the other hand if you imagine a dog as a helper, friend, loyal we call this connotative meaning because it connotes the emotional aspect and the personal dimension of the lexical meaning. QUESTION What does the word bus connate to you? If a lexeme connotes a lot of meaning, we call this a loaded language and two typical examples of loaded language are politics: capitalism, nationalism, fascism, democracy, etc. and connotations of colours: red - confident, green - fresh, white - innocent, etc. INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Fill in as many connotations of colours as possible: White, yellow, pink, brown, green, orange, violet, grey, black, red. Semantic field: (from Greek: "significant") is the study of meaning in language at the level of words, phrases, sentences and text. It is the area of meaning in which lexemes interrelate and define each other in specific ways. There are two kinds of meaning, one is the meaning of words as described in a dictionary, basic and essential components of meaning and literal use of words - we call this a conceptual meaning. And associations or connotations attached to words and the meaning which differs from one person to another is called associative meaning. See the examples below: Examples: 11 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie NEEDLE (n.) conceptual meaning: "thin, sharp, steel instrument" associative meaning: pain, illness, blood, drugs, thread, knitting, hard to find (especially in a haystack) LOW-CALORIE (adj.) conceptual meaning: "producing a small amount of heat or energy" associative meaning: healthy Componential analysis: it is a very useful method by which we can analyse the meaning of words by single components - series of semes. Each seme is allocated a dichotomic value (present/non-present). Some words, namely those organized in semantic fields, have certain features in common (Kolár, 2006, 10). COMPREHENSION CHECK Analyze the following words as in the example: son, daughter, cow, bull, calf Example: mother = human, adult, female Semantic roles: words fulfil various semantic roles within the situation described by a sentence. E.g. the verb kicked in the sentence The boy kicked a ball describes an action, whereas the nouns boy and ball describe the roles of entities (people and things) involved in the action. Semantic roles are different from grammatical roles (such as subject, predicate, object, etc.) See the semantic roles below: 12 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie AGENT = entity that performs the action; often human but not necessarily PATIENT (THEME) = entity that is involved in or affected by the action; the entity that is being described; often non-human but not necessarily INSTRUMENT = entity that is used by the agent to perform an action EXPERIENCER = person who has a feeling, perception or state LOCATION = where an entity is in the description of an event SOURCE = where the entity moves from GOAL = where the entity moves to ADDITIONAL SOURCES Have a look at unit 1 Vocabulary - general problems and terminology and unit 2 -Words and extra-linguistic reality in English Lexicology in Theory and Practice by Pavol Kvetko (2009). - 1.3 Lexicography and English dictionaries Activity 1: Have a look at unit 2 Lexicography and English dictionaries in A Guide to English Lexicon by Pavel Kolář and prepare the answers to the questions below. As a second step, students should visit the library, British Council centre or search online to complete this activity. Read about the types of dictionaries and try to search the examples of such dictionaries in the library or online. • General dictionaries • Specialized Dictionaries - language • Specialized Dictionaries - Learner's dictionaries • Thesauruses • Dictionaries for research • Professional dictionaries • Czech Dictionaries of English 13 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie QUESTIONS 1. Who were the first English and American lexicographers? 2. What were the origins of the Oxford English English Dictionary and the role of J. Murray? 3. What is the name of the most extensive dictionary in the USA? 4. Which dictionaries would you recommend to students of English? 5. Render the names of British and American publishers of dictionaries and give examples of the latest dictionaries for students of English. See the example of a dictionary entry with explanation: A typical entry in Macmillan Dictionary consists of: a headword [1], which is shown in either black or red at the top of the entry; information about the word's meaning or meanings, called definition(s) [2]; information about the word's grammatical behaviour: word class [3] and any other relevant grammatical information. At the top of the entry there is an icon for the headword's spoken pronunciation [4] as well as the phonetic transcription of the word's pronunciation (using the International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA symbols [5]). The word's inflections can be seen by clicking on the Word Forms' box [6]. When a headword is shown in red, next to it you will find information about how frequent the word is, in the form of red stars [7]. If a word has more than one meaning, these are shown in separate numbered senses [8]. 14 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie 1 determine-definition and synonyms irk7 4-5 VERB Prmuiciatiofi | .■,dr't3:(r)min/ [ Won! Forma £ [9 Contribute to our Open Dictionary 8 1 [transitive] [often passive] to control what something will be Our prices are determined by the market. genetically/culturally/biologically determined: Sne claims tnatmqjst human behaviour is socially determined. El Synonyms and related words To limit or control something or someone: draw a Sine in the sand, limit, control... Explore Thesaurus [intransitivEfTRANsitive] to officially decide something determine whethertwhyywho: It is for the court to determine whether she is guilty. El Synonyms and related words To make a decision:decide, determine, arrive at... Explore Thesaurus Picture 1 : source: https://www.macmillandictiona.ry.com/learn/dictionary-entry.html INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Have a look at Tutorial 1 on Moodle, look up one word in two different dictionaries and compare the following aspects by answering the question below: What information can you find in the two dictionaries about pronunciation, grammar, meaning, word collocations and usage, phrasal verbs and idioms, and etymology ? 15 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie SUMMARY Students have been introduced to the theoretical and practical importance of English lexicology and lexicography. 16 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikologie 2 ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDSTOCK QUICK OVERVIEW This unit mainly defines and classifies the etymology of English wordstock, it distinguishes differences between the origins of English words, outlines the historical development of English from the point of view of non-native speakers and students fulfil a variety of tasks connected to searching for the origin of English words. AIMS Students are going to learn about the origin of English wordstock, read about the historical influence on the current English vocabulary, and distinguish between different languages which had major impact on the present day English. They will analyze given words and prepare a presentation about their findings in etymology dictionary. KEYWORDS Native words, loanwords, borrowing, English wordstock, English place names, first names and surnames, etymology, onomasiology 2.1 Native words and loanwords Based on their origin, we can divide English words into native words e.g. house, king and loanwords (borrowings: robot, abbey) and hybrids (beautiful, countless). Words that belong to the original vocabulary also form what we call central core (about 15000 daily used words, usually monosyllabic, preferred in everyday language - they are more emotional, warmer and more humane). They are mostly of Indo-European stock, e.g. mother, father, daughter, brother, sun, moon, eye, wolf, etc. and Common Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) stock, e.g. summer, winter, house, storm, hope, life, learn, hear, sea, shirt, rain, make, ice, bake, keep, burn, shoe, etc (Kvetko, 2009. 96). We can trace back the origin - the etymology - of the current English word stock back to the inhabitants of the British Isles: the Celts, Angles, Saxon, Romans, Scandinavians, Normans and others. We can follow the traces of the former inhabitants in the place 17 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikologie names, first names and surnames - see the division of the main influencers on the current English in the chronological order further on in this unit (Kolář, 2006, 19). Loanwords are words taken over or we can say borrowed from another language and more or less modified in phonemic shape, spelling, grammar and meaning according to the rules (standard) of the English language, e.g. restaurant, bungalow, palace. The majority of English words have their origin in Latin, Green and French, words are usually longer, more formal and specialized words. Loans are more precise and restricted: extend/grant a cordial reception. Some of the phonemes show us that the word is probably a loan, e.g. vacuum, virus, regime, garage, jewel, philology, khaki, beau, and some endings of the words, e.g. memorandum, nucleus - nuclei, index, appendix - appendices, cactus - cacti, phenomenon - phenomena. Sometimes only new meaning is borrowed -we call is semantic loans, e.g. reaction, foot, pioneer or the foreign expression/word is translated only partly, we call this translation loans or caiques (Kvetko, 2009, 97). See the examples below: Example 1: gospel - Old English gódspel from Green "good news" Example 2: loanword - from German Lehnwort Example 3: white night - from French nuit blanche The words used in different languages as well as in English are called international words, e.g. vide, republic, telephone, sport, etc. Assimilation of loanwords: partial or total adaptation of a loanword to the graphical, phonetic and grammatical standard of the receiving language. Modern English has numerous foreign words in different stages of assimilation. It is sometimes difficult to tell a loan from a native word: wine, cup, street from Latin, the degree of assimilation depends on the length of time the word has been used: hotel, honour, chief, chef, ballet. We divide the words according to the degree of assimilation into: • Fully assimilated words: wine, bishop, wall, husband, gate, window, table, chair, finish, face, cork • Partially assimilated: a) loanwords not assimilated semantically because they denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from which they come: sheikh, sombrero, maharaja b) loans not assimilated grammatically: bacillus - bacilli, nucleus - nuclei, formula -formulae, formulas. c) loans not completely assimilated phonetically or orthographically: machine, bourgeois, ballet, garage, café, cliche, ciao • Unassimilated words: protege, chauffeur, faux pas, haute couture, haute cuisine. 18 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie 2.2 Origin of English word stock The sources of the words which were borrowed into current English usually depends on the historical factor and circumstances, e.g. Roman invasion, the introduction of Christianity, Danish and Norman invasion, colonization, etc. and also the need to name new things which were used by people, talked about by people but without original native term for example inventions, foreign institutions. The whole process of borrowing depends on the fact whether the languages are cognate and the most important factor is the contact of the speakers of different languages (Kvetko, 2009, 98). INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Activity 1: Have a look at unit 3 in Guide to English lexicon on Origin of English wordstock and complete the list below. Give at least five loanwords from each mentioned language. You can either find the answers in the book or go online, search any etymology online dictionary to help you. Latin loans: examples: school, wine, cup, altar... Greek loans: examples: academy, theatre, dogma, ... Scandinavian loans: examples: bag, scare, scowl, Thursday,... French loans: examples: authority, advocate, apparel,... Borrowings from other languages: try to find at least ten loanwords from at least ten languages and create a list of your own loanwords actively used in present day English. Kolář (2009, 23) further points out very interesting facts about etymology of English words and we will have a look at how words were borrowed from one language via another language and ended up being used by English speakers. By the year 1400, there were about 10 000 new lexemes borrowed from French, several thousand from Latin and the surviving Old English lexicon was in the minority. When it comes to the process of borrowing or loanwords in English, we can say that a particular loanwords can be used either by all the speakers of English or - because it is specialized - it is used only in certain registers. Sometimes, there is one loanword but it is only used by one typical register, e.g. medical English uses predominantly Latin and Greek loans - dental, renal, auricular, etc. or the veterinary register typically uses words such as bovine, equine, ovine, etc (Kolář, 2009, 23). He further talks about lexical twins and lexical triplets. See the examples below: Example 1: Old English clothes - French attire 19 Mgr. Marie Machnicovd - Anglickd lexikologie Example 2: Old English rise - French mount - Latin ascend POINTS TO REMEMBER Words of the Indo-European origin • Family relations: father, mother, brother, son, daughter • Parts of the human body: foot, nose, lip, heart, tooth • Animals and plants: cow, swine, goose, tree, birch, corn • The most important objects and phenomena of nature: sun, moon, star, wind, water, wood, hill, stone • Adjectives: hard, quick, slow, red, white, new • Numerals from 1 to 100: one, two, twenty, eighty • Pronouns - personal, except they (Sc.): I, you, he; demonstrative : that; interrogative: who • Some of the most frequent verbs: bear, do, be, sit, stand Words of common Germanic origin • Nouns denoting parts of the human body: head, arm, finger • Periods of time: summer, winter, time, week • Natural phenomena: storm, rain, flood, ice, ground, sea, earth • Artefacts and materials: bridge, house, shop, room, coal, iron, lead, cloth • Animals, plants and birds: sheep, horse, fox, crow, oak, grass • Adjectives denoting colours, size and other properties: broad, dead, deaf, deep, grey, blue • Verbs: see, hear, speak, tell, say, make, give 20 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie International words • Words denoting science and technological advances: sputnik, television, antenna, bionics, gene, cybernetics • Political terms: politics, democracy, communism, revolution • Fruits and foodstuffs imported from exotic countries: coffee, chocolate, grapefruit • Names of sciences: philosophy, mathematics, physics, chemistry • Terms of art: music, theatre, drama, tragedy • The sports terms: football, baseball, cricket, golf. INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Activity 2: Read what Kolář says about English toponyms and personal names on p. 26 of Guide to English Lexicon, answer the questions below and prepare a short talk about etymology of English place names and personal names. Q: what are English toponyms derived from in terms of meaning? Q: what are English surnames derived from in terms of meaning? Q: what are English first names derived from in terms of meaning? 2.3 Exercises Task 1: Give example of at least four words of Latin, French, Scandinavian and Spanish origin. Task 2: Complete the sentences below with an appropriate word from the choice: chic, rendezvous, coup, encore, per capita, graffiti, canapes, tete-a-tete, 1. Waitresses were carrying dishes of..............and sausages on sticks. 21 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie 2. The wall was covered with....................again. 3. Peter pulled off a great....................in getting the president to agree to an interview. 4......................income rose sharply last year. 5. She dines................with the president. 6. She always look very........................ 7. The violinist got an enthusiastic....................... Task 3: Check a larger dictionary or any online etymology dictionary for the etymologies of the following words and use them in sentences: algebra, tycoon, siesta, kindergarten, khaki, sofa, stanza, diameter, caravan, motto, taboo, alcohol, macaroni, sahib, punch, mandarin, boss, caribou, and moccasin. Task 4: See Tutorial 2 on Moodle and complete the tasks there. _ DDITIONAL SOURCES For further reading, see unit 3 in Guide to English Lexicon by Pavel Kolář and unit 7 Use of words and unit 8 Origin of English words in English Lexicology by Pavol Kvetko. EXTRAS For comprehension check and for further reading, answer the questions below: • What do the following word components have in common: Derry-, -derry, -dare, Ac-, Aik-, Oak-, Oke-, -ock? • What is the meaning of the Anglo-Saxon borough, burgh, bury! • Which parts of social life were influenced most by Normans? SUMMARY This unit brought a theoretical and practical approach to the origins of English word-stock. Students have developed their skills when looking up the etymology of words. 22 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie 3 WORD FORMATION QUICK OVERVIEW AIMS KEYWORDS SUMMARY 23 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie 4 SENSE RELATIONS QUICK OVERVIEW AIMS KEYWORDS SUMMARY 24 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie 5 REVISION DEFINITIONS COMPREHENSION CHECK ASSIGNMENT POINTS TO REMEMBER ADDITIONAL SOURCES J TAKE A BREAK ANSWERS QUESTIONS CASE STUDY EXTRAS J 25 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie STUDY GUIDE SAMPLE ASSIGNMENT INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT TUTORIAL FOR REFLECTION SUMMARY 26 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie LITERATURA Kolář, P. (2006). A Guide to English Lexicon. Opava: Slezská Univerzita v Opavě. Kvetko, P. (2009). English Lexicology in Theory and Practice. Trnava: Univerzita Sv. Cyrila a Metoda v Trnavě. Kretzschmar, W. A. (2018). The Emergence and Development of English Language. Cambridge: CUP. Minkova, D. and Stockwell, R. (2009). English Words: History and Structure. 2nd Ed. Cambridge: CUP. Jackson, H. and Zé Amvela, E. (2007). Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. 2nd ed. New York: Continuum. 27 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie SHRNUTÍ STUDIJNÍ OPORY Stručné shrnutí či rekapitulace celého studijního textu, včetně doporučení studentům ke studiu, literatuře ... Závěrečné slovo autora. 28 Mgr. Marie Machničová - Anglická lexikológie PŘEHLED DOSTUPNÝCH IKON Čas potřebný ke studiu E m LH Klíčová slova Průvodce studiem Rychlý náhled Tutoriály K zapamatování Řešená úloha *^*| Kontrolní otázka \\7\ Odpovědi Samostatný úkol Pro zájemce -^-1 Cíle kapitoly Nezapomeňte na odpočinek 1 Průvodce textem 2 I Shrnutí Dfl Definice Případová studie Věta Korespondenční úkol Otázky Další zdroje Úkol k zamyšlení Pozn. Tuto část dokumentu nedoporučujeme upravovat, aby byla zachována správná funkčnost vložených maker. Tento poslední oddíl může být zamknut v MS Word 2010 prostřednictvím menu Revize/Omezit úpravy. Takto je rovněž omezena možnost měnit například styly v dokumentu. Pro jejich úpravu nebo přidávání či odebírání je opět nutné omezení úprav zrušit. Zámek není chráněn heslem. 29 Název: Anglická lexikológie Autor: Mgr. Marie Machničová Vydavatel: Slezská univerzita v Opavě Filozoficko-přírodovědecká fakulta v Opavě Určeno: studentům SU FPF Opava Počet stran: 30 Tato publikace neprošla jazykovou úpravou.